The History of Llamas and Alpacas in South America

The largest domesticated animals in South America are the camelids, quadruped animals which played a central role in the economic, social, and ritual lives of past Andean hunter-gatherers, herders, and farmers. Like domesticated quadrupeds in Europe and Asia, South American camelids were first hunted as prey before being domesticated. Unlike most of those domesticated quadrupeds, however, those wild ancestors are still living today. Four Camelids Four camels, or more precisely camelids, are recognized in South America today, two wild and two domesticated. The two wild forms, the larger guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and the daintier vicuà ±a (Vicugna vicugna) diverged from a common ancestor some two million years ago, an event unrelated to domestication. Genetic research indicates that the smaller alpaca (Lama pacos L.), is the domesticated version of the smaller wild form, the vicuà ±a; while the larger llama (Lama glama L) is the domesticated form of the larger guanaco. Physically, the line between llama and alpaca has been blurred as a result of deliberate hybridization between the two species over the last 35 years or so, but that hasnt stopped researchers from getting to the heart of the matter. All four of the camelids are grazers or browser-grazers, although they have different geographic distributions today and in the past. Historically and in the present, the camelids were all used for meat and fuel, as well as wool for clothing and a source of string for making  quipu and baskets. The Quechua (the state language of the Inca) word for dried camelid meat is charki, Spanish charqui, and the etymological progenitor of the English term jerky. Llama and Alpaca Domestication The earliest evidence for domestication of both llama and alpaca comes from archaeological sites located in the Puna region of the Peruvian Andes, at between ~4000–4900 meters (13,000–14,500 feet) above sea level. At Telarmachay Rockshelter, located 170 kilometers (105 miles) northeast of Lima, faunal evidence from the long-occupied site traces an evolution of human subsistence related to the camelids. The first hunters in the region (~9000–7200 years ago), lived on generalized hunting of guanaco, vicuà ±a and huemul deer. Between 7200–6000 years ago, they switched to specialized hunting of guanaco and vicuà ±a. Control of domesticated alpacas and llamas was in effect by 6000–5500 years ago, and a predominant herding economy based on llama and alpaca was established at Telarmachay by 5500 years ago. Evidence for domestication of llama and alpaca accepted by scholars include changes in dental morphology, the presence of fetal and neonatal camelids in archaeological deposits, and an increasing reliance on camelids indicated by the frequency of camelid remains in deposits. Wheeler has estimated that by 3800 years ago, the people at Telarmachay based 73% of their diet on camelids. Llama (Lama glama, Linnaeus 1758) The llama is the larger of the domestic camelids and resembles the guanaco in almost all aspects of behavior and morphology. Llama is the Quechua term for L. glama, which is known as qawra by Aymara speakers. Domesticated from the guanaco in the Peruvian Andes some 6000–7000 years ago, the llama was moved into lower elevations by 3,800 years ago, and by 1,400 years ago, they were kept in herds on the northern coasts of Peru and Ecuador. In particular, the Inca used llamas to move their imperial pack trains into southern Colombia and central Chile. Llamas range in height from 109–119 centimeters (43–47 inches) at the withers, and in weight from 130–180 kilograms (285–400 pounds). In the past, llamas were used as beasts of burden, as well as for meat, hides, and fuel from their dung. Llamas have upright ears, a leaner body, and less wooly legs than the alpacas. According to Spanish records, the Inca had a hereditary caste of herding specialists, who bred animals with specific colored pelts for sacrificing to different deities. Information on flock size and colors are believed to have been kept using the quipu. Herds were both individually-owned and communal. Alpaca (Lama pacos Linnaeus 1758) The alpaca is considerably smaller than the llama, and it most resembles the vicuà ±a in aspects of social organization and appearance. Alpacas range from 94–104 cm (37–41 in) in height and about 55–85 kg (120–190 lb) in weight. Archaeological evidence suggests that, like llamas, alpacas were domesticated first in the Puna highlands of central Peru about 6,000–7,000 years ago. Alpacas were first brought to lower elevations about 3,800 years ago and are in evidence at coastal locales by 900–1000 years ago. Their smaller size rules out their use as beasts of burden, but they have a fine fleece that is prized throughout the world for its delicate, light-weight, cashmere-like wool that comes in a range of colors from white, through fawn, brown, gray, and black. Ceremonial Role in South American Cultures Archaeological evidence suggests that both llamas and alpacas were part of a sacrificial rite in Chiribaya culture sites such as El Yaral, where naturally mummified animals were found buried beneath house floors. Evidence for their use in Chavà ­n culture sites such as Chavà ­n de Huà ¡ntar is somewhat equivocal but seems likely. Archaeologist Nicolas Goepfert found that, among the Mochica at least, only domestic animals were part of sacrificial ceremonies. Kelly Knudson and colleagues studied camelid bones from Inca feasts at Tiwanaku in Bolivia and identified evidence that camelids consumed in the feasts were just as often from outside the Lake Titicaca region as local. Evidence that llama and alpaca were what made the extensive trade along the huge Inca road network possible has been known from historical references. Archaeologist Emma Pomeroy investigated the robusticity of human limb bones dated between 500–1450 CE from the site of San Pedro de Atacama in Chile and used that to identify traders involved in those camelid caravans, particularly after the collapse of Tiwanaku. Modern Alpaca and Llama Herds Quechua and Aymara-speaking herders today subdivide their herds into llama-like (llamawari or waritu) and alpaca-like (pacowari or wayki) animals, depending on physical appearance. Crossbreeding of the two has been attempted to increase the amount of alpaca fiber (higher quality), and fleece weight (a llama characteristics). The upshot has been to decrease the quality of alpaca fiber from a pre-conquest weight similar to cashmere to a thicker weight which fetches lower prices in international markets. Sources Chepstow-Lusty, Alex J. Agro-Pastoralism and Social Change in the Cuzco Heartland of Peru: A Brief History Using Environmental Proxies. Antiquity 85.328 (2011): 570–82. Print.Fehrens-Schmitz, Lars, et al. Climate Change Underlies Global Demographic, Genetic, and Cultural Transitions in Pre-Columbian Southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.26 (2014): 9443–8. Print.Garcà ­a, Marà ­a Elena. The Taste of Conquest: Colonialism, Cosmopolitics, and the Dark Side of Perus Gastronomic Boom. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 18.3 (2013): 505–24. Print.Goepfert, Nicolas. The Llama and the Deer: Dietary and Symbolic Dualism in the Central Andes. Anthropozoologica 45.1 (2010): 25–45. Print.Grant, Jennifer. Of Hunting and Herding: Isotopic Evidence in Wild and Domesticated Camelids from the Southern Argentine Puna (2120–420 years BP). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11 (2017): 29–37. Print.Knud son, Kelly J., Kristin R. Gardella, and Jason Yaeger. Provisioning Inka Feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: The Geographic Origins of Camelids in the Pumapunku Complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.2 (2012): 479–91. Print.Lopez, Gabriel E. J., and Federico Restifo. Middle Holocene Intensification and Domestication of Camelids in North Argentina, as Tracked by Zooarchaeology and Lithics. Antiquity 86.334 (2012): 1041–54. Print.Marà ­n, J. C., et al. Y-Chromosome and Mtdna Variation Confirms Independent Domestications and Directional Hybridization in South American Camelids. Animal Genetics 48.5 (2017): 591–95. Print.Pomeroy, Emma. Biomechanical Insights into Activity and Long Distance Trade in the South-Central Andes (AD  500–1450). Journal of Archaeological Science 40.8 (2013): 3129–40. Print.Russell, Grant. Determining South American Camelid Domestication through Skeletal Morphology. Rutgers University, 2017. Print.Smith, Scott C., and Maribel Pà ©rez Arias. From Bodies to Bones: Death and Mobility in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. Antiquity 89.343 (2015): 106–21. Print.Valverde, Guido, et al. Ancient DNA Analysis Suggests Negligible Impact of the Wari Empire Expansion in Peru’s Central Coast During the Middle Horizon. PLoS ONE (2016). Print.Yacobaccio, Hugo D., and Bibiana L. Vilà ¡. A Model for Llama (Lama Glama Linnaeus, 1758) Domestication in the Southern Andes. Anthropozoologica 51.1 (2016): 5–13. Print.

Adaptation of Modern African-American Writers - 814 Words

Adaptation of Modern African-American Writers Modern writers learn from the past by reading works written by authors of that particular era. Contemporary African-American writers gain knowledge and insight into the horrendous and sometimes harmonious conditions that plagued Africans during slavery and the slave trade. By reading the actual words, thoughts, and feelings of these enslaved Africans, modern writers receive information from the perspective of the victimized. Lucille Cliftons slaveship is a vivid example of a contemporary writer borrowing from the past to depict another account of the slave trade. The fact that Cliftons father told her stories about her familys struggle and she, herself, traced her lineage back to†¦show more content†¦As a result of the kidnapping and brutalization of these Africans, many knew that returning to their homeland was not an option. In slaveship, the narrator asks someone if ever again can [his] tongue speak, can [his] bone walkà ¤can this sin live (lines 19-22). These lines can be interpreted to mean will he speak his native language again, will he ever get off this boat, and will he ever live his former life again. Likewise, in Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, he saw [himself] deprived of all chance of returning to [his] native country (p 157). Even the idea of referring to slaves or Africans as a sin is not from Cliftons own experience. Phillis Wheatley wrote about people viewing Blacks as a walking sin because of the controversy surrounding the mark placed on Cain by God in On Being Brought from Africa to America. She said that some view our sable race with scornful eye. Their colour is a diabolic die. Remember Christians, Negros black as Cain (p 171, lines 5-7). Clifton adapts from Equiano and Wheatley by using her imagination and creative thoughts to capture the experience of the Middle Passage for many Africans. The tone of Cliftons slaveship parallels the works by Equiano and Wheatley. In slaveship, the narrator expresses despair and disgust about his situation and disgrace for the men who captured him and the other Africans. He wants to know from Jesus [or] Angel can these be men who vomit us out from ships called Jesus, Angel, andShow MoreRelated The Rise of a Native American Balladry Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise of a Native American Balladry First, it will be necessary to review some important points. In the early days (1600-1770s), importation/adaptation was the dominant process. British songs and ballads were adapted to the frontier experience, Victorian morality and Puritan ethics. 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Theories of Psychological Development Free Essays

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of human changes across their life span. It is important to study psychological development to understand how and why people go through certain changes throughout their life. There are many different areas of psychological development. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Psychological Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two main areas are perceptual development and emotional development. They both have theories that can be related, but before you can understand the relations, you must first understand the two theories. The theory of perceptual development was created by an American Psychologist named Eleanor Gibson. It states that perceptual development is the process of an infant exploring its constantly changing environment and deciding what to do and how to act with the newly found information. Affordance exploration is also a key feature of perceptual development. Gibson believed that affordances are visual clues to the functions of an object. An example could be a person climbing a ladder. The infant could examine how the ladder needs to have a stable base and lean against a certain object to keep from falling down. When affordances are found, differentiation starts to occur. Gibson’s definition of differentiation is basically the ability to discriminate different environments. If you look back at the ladder example, the infant uses affordances to see the ladder needs support to stay upright. Then the infant uses differentiation to see a person is more safe standing in the middle step of a ladder than the top step. As the infant experiences more and ages, it becomes better at differentiation. Emotional development is based around a theory called the attachment theory which was created by a British psychiatrist named John Bowlby. The attachment theory is the act of developing an affectional bond with someone who is considered a caregiver (Bowlby’s definition was â€Å"a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings†). It is crucial for a child’s behavior in the present and future to have an attachment relationship with a caregiver. Bowlby stated that for an attachment to be strong, four characteristics need to be present: proximity maintenance (the desire to be in the presence of the caregiver), safe haven (returning to the caregiver when feeling unsafe), secure base (considering the caregiver as a source of security) and separation distress (feeling anxious when the caregiver is not present for an extended period of time). Bowlby believed that strong attachment relationships develop after the caregiver and child become closer. Mary Ainsworth (a previous student of Bowlby) was an American Psychologist who believed that there are three types of attachments: secure, avoidant and resistant. A secure attachment is formed when the caregiver is used as a safe home and the infant feels less safe when the caregiver is absent than when they are present. An avoidant attachment is basically the opposite of a secure attachment. It is when the caregiver is considered a stranger by the child and they try to avoid the caregiver as much as possible to feel safer. A resistant attachment is a lot more complex than the other types of attachments. It occurs when the caregiver is unresponsive to the child’s needs making them feel unsure what they want or need which makes them feel unable to count on their caregiver. There are some relationships between the theory of perceptual development and the attachment theory. According to the two theories, both require a responsible caregiver for a child to have a proper and healthy development to be able to experience affordances and to have the right caregiver provide the environment to do it in. Also, your caregiver could be responsible for a child not learning certain affordances which could affect them in their future life. Another way to look at it is if a caregiver never provided the chance for the child to experience affordances related to a job that requires experience in, say, the construction industry, then they will struggle psychologically in the future to earn that job or any job that they may want. Perceptual and emotional development are both very important to a child’s psychological development. It is important to understand the two main theories behind them to learn what is required for a child to develop healthy and normally to live the life that they want to live. How to cite Theories of Psychological Development, Papers

Strategic Place Branding Methodologies and Theory

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Place Branding Methodologies and Theory. Answer: Introduction The report focuses on developing marketing objectives and marketing plan for the development of tourism in Shrewsbury, a quintessentially English town located on the border region of Wales and England. It can be said that Shrewsbury is one of the finest medieval towns of England. The marketing plan will focus on the 4Ps of marketing along with the budgets required for developing the marketing plan for the promotion of Shrewsbury. Marketing Objectives Marketing objectives of Shrewsbury will incorporate many goals. The objectives of the marketing plan will be described in the form of SMART objectives. Specific: The tourists demand will be highlighted in the marketing plan of promotion of tourism of the place. Apart from that, the demographic features of the target market of the tourism of Shrewsbury will also be explained in the marketing campaign or the marketing strategy. Measurable: Increase in the number of tourists for Shrewsbury up to 50 million tourists in the year of 2017. The marketing strategy must incorporate the features of the place as well as to the visitors demand within the mentioned budget (Dolnicar and Ring 2014). Attainable: The marketing plan will highlight the characteristics of the place in the promotional campaign within the budget of 100,000. It can be said that within this budget the marketing campaign will be successful in accomplishing the goals (Resnick et al. 2016). Realistic: The objectives are realistic in nature, as they will be accomplished within stipulated time and within budget. Time bound: A specific time frame of 8 months is to be determined for the successful campaigning of the marketing strategies. Apart from that, the tourism department of England will keep in track of the different aspects of the marketing strategies proposed for attracting more tourists. Marketing Plan Marketing plan for Shrewsbury include the target market, segmenting and positioning of the place not only in England but also across the world. The target market of the marketing plan includes tourists like discoverers, traditional, cosmopolitans, potterers and sightseers. Product In this context, the product is the place itself i.e. Shrewsbury. The three levels of the product in this context are divided into three groups such as core product, actual product and augmented product. In this perspective, the core product is the food drink available, shopping areas, places to visit, rich culture, medieval essence, eating outs, art, historic sites, etc. The actual product is the place itself (McCabe 2014). Augmented services are the facilities available in the tourist places for the visitors. The services offered to the tourists will bring money to the tourism sector. The unique feature of the place will be the point of differentiation from the other adjacent places present in England and Wales. The visitors will differentiate the place by its special characteristics. The target customers will definitely be attracted to the place and the features available in the place (Mii? and Podnar 2016). Price Value based pricing will be used for the service available in Shrewsbury. Apart from that, the additional features of accommodations, eat out, shopping, premium pricing can be used, as they will be selling the unique flavours of the place. It will help government in earning revenue from the place. Place To reach Shrewsbury, transportation will be available within the reach of the visitors at right time. The interval of the transportation would be of less time. The promotion of the place will not limit within England. It would attract the visitors from different parts of the world (Wearing and Schweinsberg 2016). Promotion The communication channel uses by the tourism of Shrewsbury is both traditional media and digital media. The promotional campaign will be using integrated marketing communications like advertising, direct mail, social media channels, etc. The digital media used by the tourism department are Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Google Plus, etc. The traditional media of banners, print advertisements, television, and radio jingles etc (Hall 2014). The budget is mentioned below. Cost of television advertisement- 70,000 Cost of newspaper advertisement- 30,000 Average cost of a national magazine advertisement- $250,000 per ad Cost of video podcasting in YouTube - $50 per click Cost of radio advertisement- 250 to 2000 depending on the time and stations for a week. Cost of banner advertisement- 10,000 per banner for a month (Dolnicar and Ring 2014) Conclusion It can be said that earlier there are many marketing campaigns had been formulated for the promotion of tourism at Shrewsbury. However, they were not successful in terms of accomplishing their goals. In this study, the new marketing plan will definitely promote the tourism of the place that will actually contribute a lot to the economic development of the country. The major reasons of visiting the place i.e. shopping, food culture and sightseeing are highlighted in the marketing plan. References Dolnicar, S. and Ring, A., 2014. Tourism marketing research: Past, present and future.Annals of Tourism Research,47, pp.31-47. Hall, C.M., 2014.Tourism and social marketing. Routledge. McCabe, S. ed., 2014.The Routledge handbook of tourism marketing. Routledge. Mii?, K.U. and Podnar, K., 2016. Steps toward a City Marketing Mix and Its Perception Measurement.Strategic Place Branding Methodologies and Theory for Tourist Attraction, p.67. Resnick, S.M., Cheng, R., Simpson, M. and Loureno, F., 2016. Marketing in SMEs: a 4Ps self-branding model.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research,22(1), pp.155-174. Wearing, S.L. and Schweinsberg, S., 2016.Marketing national parks for sustainable tourism(Vol. 72). Channel View Publications.

Kuwait Essays (896 words) - Geography Of Asia, Western Asia, Asia

Kuwait To understand the Middle East is to understand our own origins, but still it is much more. It is the land of the earliest civilizations brought up on earth. An understanding of this area means the exploration of one's past and ancestors. To understand this unique fertile land is to get to know the pople and countries of this land, to trace their footsteps over the centuries and to try and see the world through their eyes both in the past and future. In the following pages I will talk about one of these countries, Kuwait, and show it potential capability, what it has to offer to it's people and how it struggles to get along day by day. Kuwait, a name that has resently benn known due to it's relationship to the oil is situated at the western top of the Arabian Gulf. As seen on the map, Kuwait is sorrounded by Iraq and Saudi Arabia, all of which seem to occupy a bigger land area than this small helpful and peacful nation. Kuwait's population exeeds 1.9 million people and covers a total land area of more then 6 800 square miles. It's goverment is a constitutional monarchy led by the Amir Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al-Sabah and his crown prince Sheikh Sa'ad Al-Abdullah al-Salim Al- Sabah. Kuwait's major cities are Kuwait city, with a population of 46 00 located at 29.20N,48.00E, Salmiyah, with a population of 154 000 located at 29.20N, 48.00E and Hawali, with a population of 152 000 located at 29.20N, 48.00E. Life expectancy of the average Kuwaiti male is 69 years while the life expectancy for the female scored 74 years of age. The annual rate of growth for the GNP in kuwait is -0.6%. The GNP for agriculture in Kuwait is 0%, for indusstry 73%, for services is 27% and for defense is 6%. The major imports of this country are transsport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, livestock and machinery. As for it;s exports Kuwait almost entirley depends on it's crude oil both under the ground and under the sea. Due to the prescense of the Arabian Gulf around and off the shores of this country, it's fish and shrimp have almost filled the country. Kuwait's agriculture is almost negligable but not it's industries. Inside Kuwait, the country has developed industries for produsing oil, fertilizzers, chemicals, building materials, construction, desalination and for food processing. Inside Kuwait, the main languages to be spoken are Arabic and English. Kuwait's ethnic groups are basiclly Kuwaiti's(39%),Other Arabs(39%), South Asians(9%) and Iranians(4%) Sunni Muslims make up most of the country's religion whils only 15% of the people are Christians and other religions. During Ramadan(Muslim Holy month)most of the country shops close................... A visa is required by any visitor approaching this country and a letter of guaranty is required is required grom each buisnessperson. The temperature is very hot in Kuwait and this is largley due to the desert covers this region. Lightweight clothing is best recommended except in winter months. Only then are conservative clothes worth while wearing. The currency of Kuwait is the Kuwaiti dinar and the goverment receives 110 000 tourists yearly of which it earns more than 170 000 000 dinars. Having talked about Kuwait's geographical location and described it's goverment, resources, religion destribution, ethnic groups and points of interest, I will know take you back in time to the year 1931 and tell you a brief plot of how this country was formed. Back in 1930 when Britain was in control of the Arabian Peninsula, their never existed a country known as Kuwait. This land was a little Emirate who's people lived largley on the seach for pearls and fish to eat. It's inhabitant's were no more than 15 000 people and it was known for being a stop route for people travelling by boat from India back to Jordon, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Quickly but gradually, Kuwait began building up it's population and ocnurt.yI 't samnit aredw saw ti hrIqa , aengibhuo rhwso ec vilizitaoi naw sht eofnuaditnoo fam'n sihtsro ynoe raht .nIt eh1 59'0,s lAS-bahaf mali,yt ehd seneadtn sfoa l raegt irebi naSdu irAbaais teltde htsil na.dF looliwgnt ehd siocevyro fio lnit ih saldn ,rBtiia nediced dot elva etis'o ccputaoi nfot ehA ar bowlr dna dup tht eerpsnoisibilyto fg voreingnt ih saptro fht eowlr dnot ehS bahaf mali.y nOJ nu efo1 69,2K wuia taw sobnr!! tIs'b rihtw sat ehs attro fetsnoi nnit ehA ar boWlr.dI ar,qt he long time friend of Kuwait began claiming that Kuwait is his land and that

The early 1800s essays

The early 1800's essays By the early 1800s, the dawn of a new era had begun. Family and home life was changing as well as the communities around them. There was a fast growing need to produce products like clothing, quickly and efficiently. This new era brought about the mechanical industry that created factories, which could meet this need. But who would work in these factories if the men were moving west? By the 1840s the necessity to find workers for these factories had produced major social changes-changes which carry on until today. Before this time, most all clothing was spun and woven in the home by women. But by the 1840s, most was produced in factories set up in what were referred to as mill towns. Lowell Massachusetts was one such town. This change created a whole new idea of what womens duties were, domestic or money earning laborers? Women had previously only been seen as domestic and having one goal, that of being a housewife. Their move into town to provide a workforce for the clothing factories sparked controversy in many eyes. Some people branded them mill girls who were doomed and unmarriable. Others thought of them as adventurers, with the fancy of bringing new fashions, books and ideas home with them. But the statistics show the average working life at a Lowell factory was only three years. Many of the women who returned home were sick and never married, because they were characterized by she has worked in a factory. In the factories, women were looked down uponseen only as people who flowed in to the factory day in and day out earning their keep, spinning and weaving for the rest of their lives. They were not worthy of earning an education, and were considered socially and intellectually inept. As time went by, the bigotry began to wear away. The factories flourished with women who had wisdom and potential. One man who visited one of the mills was noted to have bowe...

Symbolic Interactionism of George Herbert Mead Essay

Symbolic Interactionism of George Herbert Mead - Essay Example This theory is more of how the human world nature and the people in it act in relation to it, with the main interest being on how everyone constructs and develop the real meaning and better understanding of self, others and behavior through the means of social interactions. This theory, as expounded on by George Herbert Mead in the early twentieth century, is a framework that enables for the enhanced understanding and interpretation of how information flows and the communicating individuals or groups smoothly and efficiently interact with each other through the appropriate use of symbols. Within the context of this theory, people are believed to inhibit a world that is mainly socially composed, as the meaning of objects, events, and everyday’s behaviors originate from the human given interpretations which may vary from one person or group to another depending on how the communicated idea is perceived. According to Mead explanation on this ideology of symbolic interaction, the society or people are seen as not to react with every event directly but rather are dictated depending on their interpretations of the meanings derived from the events or actions. Therefore, it is important to note that according to this theory of Symbol Interactionism by George Herbert Mead, the particular choice of words that people use in the description of human behaviors i.e. of themselves and that of other individuals are quite important. As can be derived from the description and the introduction development, this theory by Mead identifies three key principles which are meaning, language and thought as applied during communication process. The meaning of any action or event is never inherent in that particular event action. Therefore it comes to our senses that â€Å"meaning† as can be perceived of an event is never pre-existing in a state of nature; arises from the social interactions as implied by the communicator to the receiver; and can always be